A New Hybrid Method For Assesment Of Subsurface Water For Potability- A Case Study Of Tiruchirappalli City,

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A NEW HYBRID METHOD FOR ASSESMENT OF SUBSURFACE WATER FOR POTABILITY- A CASE STUDY OF TIRUCHIRAPPALLI CITY,

?S .INDIA

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ABSTRACT

A new hybrid fuzzy Simulink model has been developed to assess the groundwater quality levels in Tiruchirappalli city, S. India. Water quality management is an important issue in the modern times. The? data? collected? for? Tiruchirappalli city? have? been? utilized? to develop? the? approach. This is illustrated with seventy nine groundwater samples collected from Tiruchirappalli Corporation, S.India. The characteristics of the groundwater ground water for this plain were monitored during the years 2006 and 2008. The quality of groundwater at several established stations within the plain were assessed using Fuzzy Logic simulation. The results of the calculated Fuzzy logic Simulink and the monitoring study have yielded good agreement. Groundwater quality for potability indicated high to moderate water pollution levels at Srirangam, Ariyamangalam, Golden Rock and? K.Abisekapurm zones of the study area,? depending on factors such as depth to groundwater, constituents of groundwater? and vulnerability of groundwater to pollution. Fuzzy Logic simulation approach has shown to be a practical, simple and useful tool to assess groundwater quality assessment for potability. This approach is capable of showing the water quality assessment for drinking.

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KEY WORDS

Groundwater, fuzzy simulation, potability, and Tiruchirappalli

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1.? Introduction

Groundwater is also the country's most important natural resources. Groundwater is a very large volume of each pump industrial, agricultural and commercial use of the day. Groundwater is the drinking water accounts for about half of the country's population, including almost all rural residents of water. Of groundwater quality and quantity of information is important because the country's population continues to increase, dependent on this resource. Population of public water systems rely on groundwater for drinking, water supply, an increase of nearly 50 years. Is estimated that the withdrawal of an increase of approximately 5-fold in the second half of last century.The quality and groundwater supplies will remain an important environmental issue. Long-term protection, a prudent development, natural resource management is essential in this preserve and protect this priceless wealth.
?As per the International norms, if per capita water availability is less than 1700 m3 per year then the country is categorized as water stressed and if it is less than 1000 m3 per capita per year then the country is classified as water scarce. India is water stressed and is likely to be water scarce by 2050 [8].

To continue to study, guidance, and by government agencies and pollution control programs that are necessary to save the nation for future generations groundwater quality and quantity. The impact of industrial wastewater is also responsible for the deterioration of physical, chemical and biological, chemical parameters of groundwater [16]. On the environmental impact of groundwater pollutants may seriously affect the society and the country's economic situation. Water chemistry knowledge is very important to assess the understanding of the needs of its diverse [17 suitable for the quality of aquatic resources]. Water quality monitoring and enforcement regulatory agencies and task information on the status of water quality trends [10]. Deterministic approach, by comparing the decision-making and water quality objectives under the threshold limit of the decision-making. [9,14].
There is literature to bridge these gaps is far from being that is: there is one single area. Decisions about water quality assessment (tolerance or tolerance) and two unwanted by using fuzzy logic. Set limits with the calculated data, but not simple, as the ambiguity of fuzzy sets () is. Introduced to avoid the complexity of the processing margins of uncertainty about the safety and perception of water quality assessment.
Potability prior to a single value to apply the standards for a variety of computing research in the field of water science and fuzzy technique [12,13,18] theory is to evaluate the quality of drinking water in the uncertain environment for decision-making used by the importance of maintaining the uncertainty processing versatility of fuzzy sets is retried Tamilnadu Tiruchirappalli City Corporation, used for drinking in south India [20 groundwater from classification is done.
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2.? Study area and Sampling

Tiruchirappalli city of Tamil Nadu, India chose to study. Tiruchirappalli in general topology units, and then at 78 meters above the altitude of the host. Tiruchirappalli is fueling the river cauvery and Kollidam. At present the forest reserve along the river cauvery. King of rock and rock fort is a big mountain. The south / south and western parts of which have been considered to be an offset several hills dotted the Western Ghats mountain range, have been considered to be very fertile soil. Figure 1 shows the study area.
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Figure 1 Study area? of Tiruchirappalli city

The water samples are collected during March 2006 and December 2008. The water from these bore wells are used for drinking, house hold utilities and bathing by the residents. As per the standard laboratory procedures sixteen physico chemical water quality parameters were evaluated [1]. The groundwater hydrochemistry records of the study area?? are used for the preparation of maps[21] and [22]. The resulted maps are observed by geospatial methodology (Kriging) and are represented in the form of equal ion contour concentration limits ?[19,20 and 24 ] . The MATLAB V.2008 (a) ?software was also used to analyse the data.? The process of groundwater quality data are used as the hidden layer for the preparation of base maps. These features are the boundary lines between mapping units, other linear features (streets, rivers, roads, etc.) and point features (bore well points, etc.). The contours are developed for?? pH, EC, Cl-,? Na+, Ca++,? Mg++,? Total Hardness,? Alkalinity, F,? SO4-,? Coliform? and?? NO- 3? values? for?? the pre monsoon and post monsoon values. The monitoring? and sampling program was initiated in 2006 and finalized the year 2008. A total of? seventy nine monitoring stations were established of them represented groundwater conditions .

3.? A hybrid of Fuzzy and Simulation

The theory of fuzzy sets was first introduced by [22] to model uncertainty in subjective information. Fuzzy sets are defined as sets whose members are vague objects. Data can generally be received in terms of linguistic judgments and beliefs (natural language), which can then be converted to the form of fuzzy sets in order to provide a base for logical and mathematical reasoning [23]. Simulink models and sub models representing the complex interaction between various parameters are framed and used for twelve selected parameters. A typical block diagram showing Simulink (Fuzzy Information Process) of first group water quality parameters viz. pH, EC, Cl-, Na+ is presented in Fig. 2. Data collected from the study area for various seasons are used as the input for simulation model. The simulation was used for the collected data for seasonal variations. Based on expert knowledge 66 rules are designed for main potability parameters ?in Group I, where as 73 rules are designed for Group II.? Results from group one and two are combined with Group III to assess the final classification of water. A total of 27 rules are implemented for the final evaluation of groundwater quality. The results from all the three groups are aggregated to assess the final classification of water as shown in Fig 3. The processes are applied to all the seasonal water samples and the results obtained are as shown in Fig. 4.

??????????????? The rule based decision on expert’s perception was fired using Mamdani implification of maximum and minimum operator [16]. To assess the potability of water quality, 181 rules are employed of groundwater samples.

?Figure. 2?? Block Diagram for Simulink process of FIP -First Group water quality parameters

?Figure.3?? Block Diagram for Simulink process of FIP- Second Group water quality parameters.

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Figure. 4?? Block Diagram showing Simulink process of FIP -Third Group water quality parameters

Figure. 5? Block Diagram for the fuzzy Simulink process of FIP for Water quality assessment

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Figure 6. Subsurface water potable frequency during premonsoon periods ??( a) 2006, ?( b) 2007,? ( c) ?2008

3.1 Approach towards groundwater classification?

A fuzzy rule based system is generated in which users classify the water according to given data in Desirable,Acceptable,Not acceptable, Rejected quality with respect to different parameters, all connected using AND operator. The user’s feedback is also taken with respect to overall quality for different parameters connected by AND operator. For example, one of the feedbacks taken may be like this, If TDS = good AND pH = medium and Sulphate? = good then, overall water quality = ?.After this, Delphi’s technique is applied to converge the feedback of various users to a single value. A degree of match is computed between the user’s perception and field data for different parameters and for every type of water quality viz. good,(Desirable) medium (Acceptable) or bad (Not Desirable). The water quality for which degree of match is the highest is considered to represent the quality of the water sample.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Comparison of existing eight water quality parameters with the point value of the prescribed limits target to the precise computation of physico chemical groundwater quality. In case groundwater quality model approach, these 8 parameters were divided in the four categories on the basis of expert opinion according to their significance ?to drinking water quality criteria.?

In the water chemical analysis showed that water samples in the study area is very difficult to very difficult, fresh salt water and alkaline nature of character. High turbidity of water may lead to health risks of excessive turbidity from the disinfectant effects of pathogenic microorganisms, but also to stimulate the growth of bacteria during storage. By the pH value of the characteristics in the nature of the majority of water samples, which is permitted within the limits (6.5 – 8.5) and a number of samples found in the acceptable use and alkaline range and meetings between 6.5 and 9.2 for International Settlements bank's criteria are: 10500:1991 and WHO (2006), electrical conductivity (EC) guidelines.Based the value of all water samples to measure area, I (srirangam) is desirable (<1 mS/cm) for potability. Potability maps for the Premonsoon period is shown Figure 7(a), 7(b) and 7(c) for? years 2006,2007 and 2008 respectively.

Figure 7 (a) Potability map of Premonsoon 2006

Figure 7 (b) Potability map of Premonsoon 2007

Figure 7 (c) Potability map of Premonsoon 2008

5.? Conclusion

Tiruchirappalli city on water quality sampling of groundwater in the 79 wells for 3 years to monitor and record the data show that cation and anion concentrations higher than the highest ideal for human consumption. Conductivity was found in the modeling of input parameters for use within the most important parameters. Patterns in developed countries, as well as testing, from 79 cities in Tiruchirappalli drilling the sample data. Therefore, the application of the model, we can manage more cost-effective and convenient way of groundwater resources.
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